11 and 22) at each layer of every element is generated. Note that 1 and 2 are the first and second principal directions, respectively. For this stress profile across the thickness, the corresponding tractions or forces (T11 and T22) and moments (M11 and M22) at each element can be calculated as follows:
(D.1)
(D.2)
(D.3)
(D.4)Using this data for each element, a structural analysis can be performed. However, a more convenient way of applying these loads is to express them as an equivalent load system, with each type of load split into spherical and non-spherical components. The spherical components for the tractions and moments are further expressed as pseudo-temperature difference and temperature gradient across the thickness, respectively. The non-spherical components of the tractions and moments are translated to nodal forces and nodal moments.